University of Texas at Dallas researchers fabricated a halide perovskite solar cell, using photonic curing, on glass. The researchers are the first to use photonic curing to process both the perovskite and the oxide layers in the thin film for flexible electronics at the same time.

University of Texas at Dallas researchers have demonstrated that a technique called photonic curing can be used to manufacture thin films used in flexible electronics 1 million times faster than traditional methods. The experiments could help pave the way for the large-scale production of devices ranging from wearable sensors to solar panels.

Researchers led by Dr. Julia Hsu, professor of materials science and engineering and the Texas Instruments Distinguished Chair in Nanoelectronics in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, published a series of studies in the past year about the method. The most recent study, which details fabricating flexible perovskite solar cells using this process, was published online March 26 in Frontiers in Energy Research.

Hsu’s research aims to solve a problem that has prevented large-scale manufacturing of flexible electronics and solar panels: the need to reduce the amount of time for the slowest part of production, called annealing. In this stage, the thin film must be heated to high temperatures, a step that can sometimes take hours and make production costly.

Julia Hsu

“If you need to anneal the material for minutes, sometimes hours, that’s going to slow down how fast you can make flexible film. We want to make films fast so that we can take advantage of the economy of scale.”

Dr. Julia Hsu, professor of materials science and engineering and the Texas Instruments Distinguished Chair in Nanoelectronics in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

Hsu likened the traditional annealing process to cooking a long pizza that moves on a conveyer slowly through an oven. To make pizza faster, the time in the oven must be reduced. Also, heating the pizza to too high of a temperature would damage the crust.

“If you need to anneal the material for minutes, sometimes hours, that’s going to slow down how fast you can make flexible film. We want to make films fast so that we can take advantage of the economy of scale,” Hsu said. “My group is looking at using millisecond light pulses to convert materials instead of using conventional heating processes to do the annealing.”

The research was conducted in collaboration with NovaCentrix, an Austin, Texas-based company that makes photonic curing equipment. Photonic curing is a novel technology that is currently used to sinter, or coalesce, printed metal nanoparticles.

At the Speed of Bright

UT Dallas has earned a reputation for incredibly bright students, innovative programs, renowned faculty, dedicated staff, engaged alumni and research that matters. Read stories about more of the University’s bright stars.

Flexible electronic devices are made of different thin films. In the case of the solar cells with which Hsu is working, one layer is halide perovskite, a family of materials that can be used to create solar cells that have shown potential for high performance and low production costs; the other is an oxide layer that transports the electric charge generated from sunlight.

The UT Dallas researchers are the first to use photonic curing to process both the perovskite and the oxide layers in the thin film at the same time.

The research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under the Solar Energy Technologies Office, which provided a $200,000 grant (DE-EE0008544) to Hsu in 2019 as part of an initiative to develop and test new ways to accelerate the integration of emerging technologies into the solar industry.

Hsu was awarded a new $800,000 grant (DE-EE0009518) from the agency in 2021 to apply photonic curing to fabricating flexible, transparent electrodes that will enhance the commercial viability of perovskite solar panels. The DOE’s goal is to increase the use of solar energy and cut the cost of its generation in half by 2030.

Robert Piper, a UT Dallas materials science and engineering doctoral student and lead author of the study, places a flexible plastic substrate on the photonic curing tool.

Hsu’s new project will be in collaboration with NovaCentrix and Energy Materials Corp., a Rochester, New York-based company that specializes in roll-to-roll manufacturing of perovskite solar panels.

Hsu, who joined UT Dallas in 2010, began her research on solar cells as a scientist in the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies at Sandia National Laboratories. She said making solar cells less costly to produce is critical to increasing their use.

“To meet the energy demands in this country or in the world, we need a lot more renewable energy. And to combat climate change, we need a lot more renewable energy of all sorts,” Hsu said.

Other contributors to the Frontiers in Energy Research study include lead author Robert Piper, materials science and engineering doctoral student, who received support from the National Science Foundation; Trey Daunis MS’15, PhD’19 who now works at Max-IR Labs in Dallas; Weijie Xu MS’20, materials science and engineering doctoral student; and Dr. Kurt A. Schroder, chief technology officer at NovaCentrix.

Student-Designed Kits Give Hands-On Solar Energy Lessons

This fall, a group of Richardson sixth graders will be able to use working solar panel models to learn how sunlight can power lights and fans, thanks to new educational kits designed by University of Texas at Dallas students.

The UT Dallas students developed the hands-on lessons as part of UTDesign EPICS (Engineering Projects in Community Service), an Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science program that provides opportunities for students in all disciplines to work on problems for nonprofit organizations.

Instructors at the Richardson Independent School District’s Math Science Technology (MST) Magnet worked with the team to develop the kits, which include a motor, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), connectors and a solar panel.

“These kits will make a great addition to our program by offering hands-on experiences with solar-energy technology,” said Kate Hebert, MST technology specialist.

The UT Dallas student project leaders said they hope the kits make lessons fun.

“I want to inspire kids to develop their curiosity and passion for STEM [science, technology, engineering and mathematics] at a younger age,” said Khoa Nguyen, a biology senior. “When I was in grade school, I always had a deep interest in science and technology, but opportunities for projects like this were few and far between. Through this project, I set out to change that.”

The EPICS team, which included students in a variety of majors, worked remotely due to the pandemic.

“This project has taught us how to bring people together and manage our time effectively,” said Marcus Ochoa, a mechanical engineering junior in the Hobson Wildenthal Honors College.

Dr. Julia Hsu, professor of materials science and engineering and Texas Instruments Distinguished Chair in Nanoelectronics, sponsored the project with support from a National Science Foundation grant she received for solar-energy research.

“The EPICS project is a win-win for both the undergraduates who designed the curriculum on solar energy and the elementary students who will learn about new concepts and applications of solar technology,” Hsu said.